The high occurrence of cross-sectional studies does not allow us to clearly define the relationship’s direction between psychological distress and problem gambling. It is difficult to establish whether the former is a risk factor or an outcome of the latter. For example, it is unclear whether a high level of psychological distress is a consequence of frequent gambling or conversely whether people with psychological distress are particularly attracted to gambling. Predictably, a higher level of psychological distress was found in online gamblers more at risk of problem gambling than in low-risk gamblers (Gainsbury et al., 2014b; Granero et al., 2020; Hing et al., 2017; Hopley & Nicki, 2010). Anxiety and depression were the main experiences studied and reported by pathological gamblers at higher rates (Barrault & Varescon, 2013a; Barrault et al., 2017; Hopley & Nicki, 2010; Khazaal et al., 2017). In addition, mood disturbances such as hypomanic experiences and mood elevation are reported to a greater extent in the most problematic cluster (Lloyd et al.
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As such, the SGA is controlled by the Ministry of Finance and is in charge of issuing permits to all operators, providing tools for transparent and balanced market growth, and reducing potentially harmful social effects gambling may cause.
The higher this factor is, the more you risk and the bigger are the rewards and vice versa. Consider this while choosing a fruit machine.
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The AGCO is a primário regulatory gambling agency for Ontario's province, reporting to the Ministry of the Attorney General. It is responsible for regulating gaming and horse racing verticals per applicable laws, nurturing principles of honesty and integrity.
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Personality traits have not been extensively explored. High impulsivity is the most often studied factor, and it is associated most often with on-line problematic gamblers as much bdg win login as having a dysfunctional personality. In contrast, em linha gamblers compared to offline gamblers seem to have a minor degree of sociability and a higher level of frugality, but it is only stated by a single paper.
This review presents some limitations. No statistical processing typical of meta-analyses to assess the results has been included. However, the ability of this review to synthesize the evidence across a large body of literature offers a valid overview and some recommendations. Regarding the included studies, not all papers displayed the same level of methodological quality, and the criteria used for the studied population were quite different. Moreover, the literature lacks a clear and determined definition to distinguish online and offline gamblers. In fact, some authors consider that only those who exclusively use this mode are on-line gamblers, while others define them as such even if they mainly use the online mode but also gamble offline. Given the heterogeneity of the literature and the need to synthesize and systematize the results, the information regarding “exclusively internet gamblers” or “mixed mode gamblers” was included in the same “on-line gamblers” category regardless of the definition used by the authors. The reason behind this choice is that this distinction of exclusivity was made explicit only in a few papers, so we considered on-line gamblers who play at least partially online.
An equal number of articles state that both being in a stable/married relationship and being single/unmarried are associated with ON. In contrast, being single/unmarried is a risk factor for ON-P. Being married/being in a stable relationship decreases the likelihood of being ON and ON-P
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To synthesize and systematize the results regarding risk and protective factors, two types of comparisons were made: comparison of factors that distinguish offline gamblers from online gamblers (C1) and comparison of nonproblematic em linha gamblers from problematic online gamblers (C2). In addition, a further comparison was carried out to highlight whether similarities or differences emerged with respect to the factors studied between the first and second comparisons (C3). The results are systematized and presented in tables at the end of the paper, see Appendix A.
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